Database Normalization & Normal Forms

Introduction to Database Design Issues

Database design quality depends heavily on proper schema design. Poor design leads to:

  • Data Redundancy: Same information stored multiple times

  • Update Anomalies: Inconsistencies when updating data

  • Storage Waste: Unnecessary duplication of information

Example Problem

Consider a schema inst_dept containing instructor and department information:

inst_dept(instructor_id, name, dept_name, building, budget)

Problem: Department details (building, budget) repeat for every instructor in that department.

Solution: Split into separate relations based on functional dependencies.

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